Improving the quality of education takes passionate, committed, and creative leaders. At the IU School of Education, we will prepare you for careers that are high-tech, high-growth, and awe-inspiring, from working in schools, museums, and public institutions to positions in government, corporate environments, and technology companies In order to meet minimum University and departmental admission requirements, an applicant must have: A bachelor’s degree with at least a GPA – An earned bachelor’s degree from a regionally accredited U.S. institution, or a comparable degree from an international institution, with a minimum (on a scale) grade point average (GPA) in all coursework attempted while registered as Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time. Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a
Personality Traits | Noba
Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time. Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from one another in phd in ed psych resume of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over time and across situations, phd in ed psych resume.
The most widely used system of traits is called the Five-Factor Model. This system includes five broad traits that can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each of the major traits from the Big Five can be divided into facets to give a more fine-grained analysis of someone's personality. In addition, some trait theorists argue that there are other traits that cannot be completely captured by the Five-Factor Model.
Critics of the trait concept argue that people do not act consistently from one situation to the next and that people are very influenced by situational forces.
When we observe people around us, one of the first things that strikes us is how different people are from one another. Some people are very talkative while others are very quiet. Some are active phd in ed psych resume others are couch potatoes.
Some worry a lot, others almost never seem anxious. Personality psychologists try to describe and understand these differences. According to trait psychologists, there are a limited number of these dimensions dimensions like Extraversion, Conscientiousness, or Agreeablenessand each individual falls somewhere on each dimension, meaning that they could be low, medium, or high on any specific trait.
An important feature of personality traits is that they reflect continuous distributions rather than distinct personality types. This means that when personality psychologists talk about Introverts and Extraverts, they are not really talking about two distinct types of people who are completely and qualitatively different from one another. Instead, they are talking about people who score relatively low or relatively high along a continuous distribution.
In fact, when personality psychologists measure traits like Extraversionthey typically find that most people score somewhere in the middle, with smaller numbers showing more extreme levels. The figure below shows the distribution of Extraversion scores from a survey of thousands of people. As you can see, most people report being moderately, but not extremely, extraverted, with fewer people reporting very high or very low scores.
There are three criteria that are characterize personality traits: 1 consistency, phd in ed psych resume, 2 stability, and 3 individual differences.
A challenge of the phd in ed psych resume approach was to discover the major traits on which all people differ. Scientists for many decades generated hundreds of new traits, so that it was soon difficult to keep track and make sense of them.
Their approach was guided by the lexical hypothesiswhich states that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people.
Therefore, if phd in ed psych resume want to understand the fundamental ways in which people differ from one another, we can turn to the words that people use to describe one another.
So if we want to know what words people use to describe one another, phd in ed psych resume, where should we look? Allport and Odbert looked in the most obvious place—the dictionary. Statistical techniques were used to determine whether a small number of dimensions might underlie all of the thousands of words we use to describe people.
Research that used the lexical approach showed that many of the personality descriptors found in the dictionary do indeed overlap. In other words, phd in ed psych resume, many of the words that we use to describe people are synonyms. Thus, if we want to know what a person is like, we do not necessarily need to ask how sociable they are, how friendly they are, and how gregarious they are.
Instead, because sociable people tend to be friendly and gregarious, we can summarize this personality dimension with a single term. Statistical methods specifically, phd in ed psych resume, a technique called factor analysis helped to determine whether a small number of dimensions underlie the diversity of words that people like Allport and Odbert identified. The Big Five comprises five major traits shown in the Figure 2 below. A way to remember these five is with the acronym OCEAN O is for Openness ; C is for Conscientiousness ; E is for Extraversion ; A is for Agreeableness ; N is for Neuroticism.
Figure 3 provides descriptions of people who would score high and low on each of these traits. Scores on the Big Five traits are mostly independent. For example, a person can be extremely high in Extraversion and be either high or low on Neuroticism. Similarly, a person can be low in Agreeableness and be either high or low in Conscientiousness. You can take this test to see where you stand in terms of your Big Five scores. John Johnson has also created a helpful website that has personality scales that can be phd in ed psych resume and taken by the general public:.
For instance, think about the factors that determine success in college. If you were asked to guess what factors predict good grades in college, you might guess something like intelligence.
This guess would be correct, but we know much more about who is likely to do well. Specifically, personality researchers have also found phd in ed psych resume personality traits like Conscientiousness play an important role in college and beyond, probably because highly conscientious individuals study hard, get their work done on time, and are less distracted by nonessential activities that take time away from school work.
In addition, phd in ed psych resume, highly conscientious people are often healthier than people low in conscientiousness because they are more likely to maintain healthy diets, to exercise, and to follow basic safety procedures like wearing seat belts or bicycle helmets. Over the long term, phd in ed psych resume, this consistent pattern of behaviors can add up to meaningful differences in health and longevity.
Thus, phd in ed psych resume, personality traits are not just a useful way to describe people you know; they actually help psychologists predict how good a worker someone will be, how long he or she will live, and the types of jobs and activities the person will enjoy.
Thus, there is growing interest in personality psychology among psychologists who work in applied settings, such as health psychology or organizational psychology. So how does it feel to be told that your entire personality can be summarized with scores on just five personality traits? Most people would probably say no, pointing to some exception in their behavior that goes against the general pattern that others might see.
For instance, you may know people who are warm and friendly and find it easy to talk with strangers at a party yet are terrified if they have to perform in front of others or speak to large groups of people. The fact that there phd in ed psych resume different ways of being extraverted or conscientious shows that there is value in considering lower-level units of personality that are more specific than the Big Five traits, phd in ed psych resume.
These more specific, lower-level units of personality are often called facets. To give you a sense of what these narrow units are like, Figure 4 shows facets for each of the Big Five traits. The list seen here, based on work by researchers Paul Costa and Jeff McCrae, thus reflects just one possible list among many. It should, however, give you an idea of some of the facets making up each of the Five-Factor Model.
Facets can be useful because they provide more specific descriptions of what a person is like, phd in ed psych resume. Because different facets within a broad, global trait like extraversion tend to go together those who are gregarious are often but not always assertivethe broad trait often provides a useful summary of what a person is like. But when we really want to know a person, facet scores add to our knowledge in important ways.
Despite the popularity of phd in ed psych resume Five-Factor Model, it is certainly not the only model that exists. Some suggest that there are more than five major traits, or perhaps even fewer. For example, in one of the first comprehensive models to be proposed, Hans Eysenck suggested that Extraversion and Neuroticism are most important.
So for instance, a neurotic introvert would be shy and nervous, while a stable introvert might avoid social situations and prefer solitary activities, but he may do so with a calm, steady attitude and little anxiety or emotion. For instance, he suggested that introverts experienced too much sensory stimulation and arousal, which made them want to seek out quiet settings and less stimulating environments.
More recently, Jeffrey Gray suggested that these two broad traits are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain—extraverts might be motivated to seek reward and thus exhibit assertive, reward-seeking behavior, phd in ed psych resume, whereas people high in neuroticism might be motivated to avoid punishment and thus may experience anxiety as a result of their heightened awareness of the threats in the world around them Gray, phd in ed psych resume, These early theories have led to a burgeoning interest in identifying the physiological underpinnings of the individual differences that we observe.
This model is similar to the Big Phd in ed psych resume, but it posits slightly different versions of some of the traits, and its proponents argue that one important class of individual differences was omitted from the Five-Factor Model. The HEXACO adds Honesty-Humility as a sixth dimension of personality. People high in this trait are sincere, fair, and modest, whereas those low in the trait are manipulative, narcissistic, and self-centered.
Thus, trait theorists are agreed that personality traits are important in understanding behavior, but there are still debates on the exact number and composition of the traits that are most important. There are other important traits that are not included in comprehensive models like the Big Five. Although the five factors capture much that is important about personality, researchers have suggested other traits that capture interesting aspects of our behavior.
In Figure 5 below we present just a few, out of hundreds, of the other traits that have been studied by personologists. Not all of the above traits are currently popular with scientists, yet each of them has experienced popularity in the past. Although the Five-Factor Model has been the target of more rigorous research than some of the traits above, these additional personality characteristics give a good idea phd in ed psych resume the wide range of behaviors and attitudes that traits can cover.
The ideas described in this module should probably seem familiar, if not obvious to you. When asked to think about what our friends, enemies, family members, and colleagues are like, some of the first things that come to mind are their personality characteristics.
We might think about how warm and helpful our first teacher was, how irresponsible and careless our brother is, or how demanding and insulting our first boss was. But what if this idea were wrong? What if our belief in personality traits were an illusion and people are not consistent from one situation to the next? This was a possibility that shook the foundation of personality psychology in the late s when Walter Mischel published a book called Personality and Assessment In other words, children who cheat on tests at school may steadfastly follow all rules when playing games and may never tell a lie to their parents.
In other words, phd in ed psych resume, he suggested, there may not be any general trait of honesty that links these seemingly related behaviors.
Furthermore, Mischel suggested that observers may believe that broad personality traits like honesty exist, when in fact, this belief is an illusion. Because of the findings that Mischel emphasized, many psychologists focused on an alternative to the trait perspective.
For instance, although there may not be a broad and general trait of honesty, some children may be especially likely to cheat on a test when the risk of being caught is low and the rewards for cheating are high.
Others might be motivated by the sense of risk involved in cheating and may do so even when the rewards are not very high. Because of this, the same child might act very differently in different situations. If so, then studying these broad traits might be more fruitful than cataloging and measuring narrow, context-free traits like Extraversion or Neuroticism.
And, phd in ed psych resume, as is often the case, it turns out that a more moderate middle ground than what the situationists proposed could be reached. Someone who is extremely talkative at one specific party may sometimes be reticent to speak up during class and may even act like a wallflower at a different party. However, it is also true that if psychologists assess a broad range of behaviors across many different situations, there are general tendencies that emerge.
Personality traits give an indication about how people will act on phd in ed psych resume, but frequently they are not so good at predicting how a person will act in a specific situation at a certain moment in time.
Thus, to best capture broad traits, one must assess phd in ed psych resume behaviors, averaged over time and across many different types of situations. Most modern personality researchers agree that there is a place for phd in ed psych resume personality traits and for the narrower units such as those studied by Walter Mischel.
Please use the rating scale below to describe how accurately each statement describes you. Describe yourself as you generally are now, not as you wish to be in the future. Describe yourself as you honestly see yourself, in relation to other people you know of the same sex as you are, and roughly your same age. Please read each statement carefully, and put a number from 1 to 5 next to it to describe how accurately the statement describes you.
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